ollaboration Teams - Members share responsibility for posting refined answers to the guided readings - succinct, relevant, clear, and with pictures or a video to compliment.
When contributing to the reading guide, follow these steps: 1) First complete the reading guide on your own from the cells unit page. 2) Write your response to a question in word and then copy it.Be sure to upload pictures and/or video for each question. 3) Click on the edit button and then go to the appropriate question and paste your answer below it. Sign your contribution with your first name and last initial and TEAM COLOR 4) Save the page by selecting "Save with comment" from the Save dropdown. Enter a comment (e.g. "I answered chp 26 question 3" - Tom S.) then click Save.
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1-3, 19
1. Define the two catabolic pathways:
Fermentation- This is an anaerobic process which means it does not use oxygen. There are two different types of Fermentation one is in plants and yeast this is called alcohol fermentation, in animal cells is called lactic acid fermentation. Process that starts with glycolysis but finishes with NAD+ regenerated. Glucose enters and produces 2 net ATP for each glucose used in the process.
pic of what fermentation looks like video of fermentation
Cellular respiration-This takes place in the mitochondria of the cell, cells convert biochemical energy (normally taking O2), into ATP, and producing waste products as well. The energy that is released in this process is used to synthesize ATP. Organisms that use oxygen as the final electron receptor are known as aerobic respiration those that do not are known as anaerobic.
pic of cellular respiration video of cellular respiration
Brett S.
2. Use the following terms correctly in a sentence: redox reactions, , reduction, reducing agent and oxidizing agent.
In a Redox Reaction electrons are transferred, and atoms oxidation numbers are changed. Oxidation is the process when an electron is loss and the oxidation state of a molecule is increased. When electrons are gained and the oxidation state of a molecule is decreased this process is known as reduction. The reducing agent is known as the donor, it donates its electron to another item in a redox reaction. The oxidizing agent is known as the acceptor it is what takes on the electron in this process redox reaction,
Brett S.
pic of how the idea works Not the best video but helps you understand the concept better.
3. Why is being “reduced” equivalent to having a greater potential energy?
When something is reduced, it picks up an electron and gains potential energy.
This video is mostly about oxidation, however, towards the end of the video it mentions reduction by explaining how gaining electrons leads to reduction. Alina Dyak
4. In cellular respiration, what is being oxidized and what is being reduced?
Glucose is being oxidized since it loses some hydrogen atoms (and thus some electrons) and oxygen is being reduced since it is gaining some hydrogen atoms (with their electrons). -Dahlia M.
5. Describe electron movement with regard to the coenzyme NAD+ in this video.
First, the NADH reduced in glycolysis or the Krebs Cycle approaches the folds of the cristae. It is then oxidized by an enzyme (dehydrogenase) on the surface of the cristae, stripping away its electrons and hydrogen ions. The electrons then go down the Electron Transport Chain via the cytochromes, or protein chains with a conductive iron (Fe) heme group. The hydrogen ions follow in pursuit. At the last enzyme on the ETC, two electrons and their two hydrogen ion counterparts attach to an oxygen atom, creating H20.
-Sam V.
6. Why are electron transport chains an advantage to living systems
The electron transport chain (ETC) is advantageous to living systems because instead of having a rapid, single explosion of hydrogen and oxygen together, it creates the downhill steps to slowly combine the two elements together.
-Mike G
Youtube Video <-- Here is a good Youtube video explaining the process. I can't put up the video so there is the Link.
7. What are the three stages of aerobic cellular respiration?
Glycolysis- glucose is oxidixed, the oxidation process creates ATP
Krebs Cycle- pyruvate molecules are processed to release energy from bonds
Electron Transport Chain- releases the remaining energy in glucose
-Taihlor C
8. What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
This is when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group form a substrate molecule to ADP, rather than adding an inorganic phosphate to ADP as in oxidative phosphorylation. (This is a mechanism for glycolysis and citric acid cycle.)
-Mike G.
9. Complete the chart below re: glycolysis (or upload a completed image and summarize it)
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP and NADH Glycolysis is a definite sequence of ten reactions involving ten intermediate compounds. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. The intermediates may also be directly useful.
- Kelly Sinclair
10. Label the transition reaction converting pyruvate to acetyl coA below:
clip_image002_Q10
Sam Barton
I chose this video, because i think that it provides an easier way to understand the concept of glycolisis and allows us to see a part of the transition reaction converting pyruvate into COa.
THANS
11. Label the citric acid cycle below (steps 1-8):
a. Where does the C “go” that is removed? The carbon is let off as CO2 as a waste product.
b. What is happening when NAD+ à NADH + H+? What happens when NAD gets NADH is basically the process in which NAD gets the hydrogen that is looking for its extra electron. The hydrogen has been stripped of its electron and it wants it back. NAD provides the electron when it stole it in the first place.
c. Where is substrate level phosphorylation happening? It is happening when GDP is being phosphorylated into GTP.
- CHRIS A.
12. What is oxidative phosphorylation? Oxidative Phosphorylation is the production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of the electron transport chain. This creates a hydrogen gradient in which hydrogens are forced out (ATP is needed). While this whole process and the electron transport chain are happening, ATP is made while the electron gets oxidized more and more down the chain and eventually looses all the electrons, or hydrogen.
Video is kind of boring but if you actually listen it makes 110% sense. (Also the beginning part in the video is already done... sorry)
- CHRIS A.
13. What are cytochromes? Cytochromes are iron containing proteins that transports electrons by accepting and donating electrons. The last cytochrome that passes its electrons to oxygen. Cytochromes are proteins that help the process of cellular respiration, but most importantly, the electron transport chain. They help carry the electrons from one transport chain to another, which produces more and more ATP molecules that will be used for energy later on in the respiration cycle.
- CHRIS A.
14. Define chemiosmosis and label the diagram below.
chemiosmosis:
Chemiosmosis- process in which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work such as the synthesis of ATP
RYAN H
15. Label the diagram below of the activities occurring on the ECT.
Ashley A
16. Complete the summary diagram of cellular respiration. You are responsible for these #’s and locations!
Alecia Seliga
17. Label the diagram of fermentation below:
Alecia Seliga
18. Does aerobic cellular respiration happen in prokaryotic organisms – if yes – where?
Yes- prokaryotic organisms perform aerobic cellular respiration in the plasma membrane/cytoplasm of the prokaryotic cell, and in eukaryotic cells, its is performed in the mitochondria.
the video is not really related to prokaryotic cells but explains the whole process of aerobic respiration and i found it useful.
Alecia Seliga
19. What is the overall purpose of fermentation? Why does it have to occur?
Overall the purpose of fermentation is to oxidize the NADH produced in glycosis. If it in not oxidized, no NAD+ will be available to help synthesis pyruvate from glucose and the organism will produce insufficient ATP.
This image shows how fermentation relates to respiration and glycolysis. It shows how the NADH produced in Glycolysis is oxiodized by fermentation.
-Alina Dyak
20. What is a facultative anaerobe?
A facultative anaerobe is an organism that can use both cellular respiration and fermentation to produce ATP based on the availability of oxygen.
An example of such an organism is a bacteria called Candida. Below is a video of how it reacts to changes in oxygen abundance:
- Sam V. (ORANGE GROUP) 21. What is the evolutionary significance of glycolysis?
22. Why do fats provide a little more than twice as many calories per gram as compared to carbohydrates or proteins? Hint: Think of the output of the Citric Acid Cycle.
Fats provide a little more than twice as many calories per gram as carbs or proteins, because it requires a lot more energy to break up fats, because they are made up of two components, glycerol and a fatty acid. This is why fatty acid catabolism is only used to produce ATP if glucose is not available, because energy must be expended to get energy. More energy is released, mainly because of the change in oxidation number of the. carbon to carbon dioxide change in fatty acids. The oxidation number changes from -2 to 4.
Sam B.
I chose this video, because it shows the citric acid cycle in detail, but the cycle does not appear cluttered and hard to visuallly understand in the diagram shown.
23. Why would AMP stimulate cellular respiration and ATP inhibit it?
If ATP accumulates too much in your body, your body will release any enzyme that slows down the process of cellular respiration so your body doesn't gain too much ATP at once. This inhibits respiration. As soon as ATP is converted into AMP (or ADP), your body will pick up the speed of glycolysis, which produces more ATP to be used for cellular respiration. This is basically negative feedback, where if your body senses you have too much ATP, it will reduce the amount of ATP being produced by making AMP. If your body senses that it doesn't have enough ATP, it will reduce the amount of ATP being used because it doesn't need it.
- CHRIS A.
24. Why would phosphofructokinase being allosteric in character be an advantage to the control of cellular respiration?
Phosphofructokinase, an enzyme, can be turned on and off by using AMP and ATP. If the enzyme has enough ATP, ATP(off switch) comes and binds to the inhibiting site on the allosteric phosophofructokinase. This slows down glycolysis. It is reactivated by AMP (on switch). It is an advantage to cellular respiration because the enzyme can work more effectively.
When contributing to the reading guide, follow these steps:
1) First complete the reading guide on your own from the cells unit page.
2) Write your response to a question in word and then copy it. Be sure to upload pictures and/or video for each question.
3) Click on the edit button and then go to the appropriate question and paste your answer below it. Sign your contribution with your first name and last initial and TEAM COLOR
4) Save the page by selecting "Save with comment" from the Save dropdown. Enter a comment (e.g. "I answered chp 26 question 3" - Tom S.) then click Save.
1. Define the two catabolic pathways:
Fermentation- This is an anaerobic process which means it does not use oxygen. There are two different types of Fermentation one is in plants and yeast this is called alcohol fermentation, in animal cells is called lactic acid fermentation. Process that starts with glycolysis but finishes with NAD+ regenerated. Glucose enters and produces 2 net ATP for each glucose used in the process.
pic of what fermentation looks like video of fermentation
Cellular respiration-This takes place in the mitochondria of the cell, cells convert biochemical energy (normally taking O2), into ATP, and producing waste products as well. The energy that is released in this process is used to synthesize ATP. Organisms that use oxygen as the final electron receptor are known as aerobic respiration those that do not are known as anaerobic.
pic of cellular respiration video of cellular respiration
Brett S.
2. Use the following terms correctly in a sentence: redox reactions, , reduction, reducing agent and oxidizing agent.
In a Redox Reaction electrons are transferred, and atoms oxidation numbers are changed.
Oxidation is the process when an electron is loss and the oxidation state of a molecule is increased.
When electrons are gained and the oxidation state of a molecule is decreased this process is known as reduction.
The reducing agent is known as the donor, it donates its electron to another item in a redox reaction.
The oxidizing agent is known as the acceptor it is what takes on the electron in this process redox reaction,
Brett S.
pic of how the idea works Not the best video but helps you understand the concept better.
3. Why is being “reduced” equivalent to having a greater potential energy?
When something is reduced, it picks up an electron and gains potential energy.
This video is mostly about oxidation, however, towards the end of the video it mentions reduction by explaining how gaining electrons leads to reduction.
Alina Dyak
4. In cellular respiration, what is being oxidized and what is being reduced?
Glucose is being oxidized since it loses some hydrogen atoms (and thus some electrons) and oxygen is being reduced since it is gaining some hydrogen atoms (with their electrons).
-Dahlia M.
5. Describe electron movement with regard to the coenzyme NAD+ in this video.
First, the NADH reduced in glycolysis or the Krebs Cycle approaches the folds of the cristae. It is then oxidized by an enzyme (dehydrogenase) on the surface of the cristae, stripping away its electrons and hydrogen ions. The electrons then go down the Electron Transport Chain via the cytochromes, or protein chains with a conductive iron (Fe) heme group. The hydrogen ions follow in pursuit. At the last enzyme on the ETC, two electrons and their two hydrogen ion counterparts attach to an oxygen atom, creating H20.
-Sam V.
6. Why are electron transport chains an advantage to living systems
The electron transport chain (ETC) is advantageous to living systems because instead of having a rapid, single explosion of hydrogen and oxygen together, it creates the downhill steps to slowly combine the two elements together.
-Mike G
Youtube Video <-- Here is a good Youtube video explaining the process. I can't put up the video so there is the Link.
7. What are the three stages of aerobic cellular respiration?
more explanation:
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/aerobic-cellular-respiration.html
Youtube => long videos but explain glycolysis, krebs cycle, and electron transport chain individually
-Taihlor C
8. What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
This is when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group form a substrate molecule to ADP, rather than adding an inorganic phosphate to ADP as in oxidative phosphorylation. (This is a mechanism for glycolysis and citric acid cycle.)
-Mike G.
9. Complete the chart below re: glycolysis (or upload a completed image and summarize it)
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP and NADH Glycolysis is a definite sequence of ten reactions involving ten intermediate compounds. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. The intermediates may also be directly useful.
- Kelly Sinclair
10. Label the transition reaction converting pyruvate to acetyl coA below:
Sam Barton
I chose this video, because i think that it provides an easier way to understand the concept of glycolisis and allows us to see a part of the transition reaction converting pyruvate into COa.
THANS
11. Label the citric acid cycle below (steps 1-8):
a. Where does the C “go” that is removed?
The carbon is let off as CO2 as a waste product.
b. What is happening when NAD+ à NADH + H+?
What happens when NAD gets NADH is basically the process in which NAD gets the hydrogen that is looking for its extra electron. The hydrogen has been stripped of its electron and it wants it back. NAD provides the electron when it stole it in the first place.
c. Where is substrate level phosphorylation happening?
It is happening when GDP is being phosphorylated into GTP.
- CHRIS A.
12. What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Oxidative Phosphorylation is the production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of the electron transport chain. This creates a hydrogen gradient in which hydrogens are forced out (ATP is needed). While this whole process and the electron transport chain are happening, ATP is made while the electron gets oxidized more and more down the chain and eventually looses all the electrons, or hydrogen.
Video is kind of boring but if you actually listen it makes 110% sense.
(Also the beginning part in the video is already done... sorry)
- CHRIS A.
13. What are cytochromes?
Cytochromes are iron containing proteins that transports electrons by accepting and donating electrons. The last cytochrome that passes its electrons to oxygen. Cytochromes are proteins that help the process of cellular respiration, but most importantly, the electron transport chain. They help carry the electrons from one transport chain to another, which produces more and more ATP molecules that will be used for energy later on in the respiration cycle.
- CHRIS A.
14. Define chemiosmosis and label the diagram below.
chemiosmosis:
Chemiosmosis- process in which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work such as the synthesis of ATP
RYAN H
15. Label the diagram below of the activities occurring on the ECT.
Ashley A
16. Complete the summary diagram of cellular respiration. You are responsible for these #’s and locations!
Alecia Seliga
17. Label the diagram of fermentation below:
Alecia Seliga
18. Does aerobic cellular respiration happen in prokaryotic organisms – if yes – where?
Yes- prokaryotic organisms perform aerobic cellular respiration in the plasma membrane/cytoplasm of the prokaryotic cell, and in eukaryotic cells, its is performed in the mitochondria.
the video is not really related to prokaryotic cells but explains the whole process of aerobic respiration and i found it useful.
Alecia Seliga
19. What is the overall purpose of fermentation? Why does it have to occur?
Overall the purpose of fermentation is to oxidize the NADH produced in glycosis. If it in not oxidized, no NAD+ will be available to help synthesis pyruvate from glucose and the organism will produce insufficient ATP.
This image shows how fermentation relates to respiration and glycolysis. It shows how the NADH produced in Glycolysis is oxiodized by fermentation.
-Alina Dyak
20. What is a facultative anaerobe?
A facultative anaerobe is an organism that can use both cellular respiration and fermentation to produce ATP based on the availability of oxygen.
An example of such an organism is a bacteria called Candida. Below is a video of how it reacts to changes in oxygen abundance:
- Sam V. (ORANGE GROUP)
21. What is the evolutionary significance of glycolysis?
22. Why do fats provide a little more than twice as many calories per gram as compared to carbohydrates or proteins? Hint: Think of the output of the Citric Acid Cycle.
Fats provide a little more than twice as many calories per gram as carbs or proteins, because it requires a lot more energy to break up fats, because they are made up of two components, glycerol and a fatty acid. This is why fatty acid catabolism is only used to produce ATP if glucose is not available, because energy must be expended to get energy. More energy is released, mainly because of the change in oxidation number of the. carbon to carbon dioxide change in fatty acids. The oxidation number changes from -2 to 4.
Sam B.
I chose this video, because it shows the citric acid cycle in detail, but the cycle does not appear cluttered and hard to visuallly understand in the diagram shown.
23. Why would AMP stimulate cellular respiration and ATP inhibit it?
If ATP accumulates too much in your body, your body will release any enzyme that slows down the process of cellular respiration so your body doesn't gain too much ATP at once. This inhibits respiration. As soon as ATP is converted into AMP (or ADP), your body will pick up the speed of glycolysis, which produces more ATP to be used for cellular respiration. This is basically negative feedback, where if your body senses you have too much ATP, it will reduce the amount of ATP being produced by making AMP. If your body senses that it doesn't have enough ATP, it will reduce the amount of ATP being used because it doesn't need it.
- CHRIS A.
24. Why would phosphofructokinase being allosteric in character be an advantage to the control of cellular respiration?
Phosphofructokinase, an enzyme, can be turned on and off by using AMP and ATP. If the enzyme has enough ATP, ATP(off switch) comes and binds to the inhibiting site on the allosteric phosophofructokinase. This slows down glycolysis. It is reactivated by AMP (on switch). It is an advantage to cellular respiration because the enzyme can work more effectively.
-Fernanda R.